Newton's Age-
The concept of empty space comes from the age of Newton. In his Hypothesis of Light of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles. So according to Newton all the empty space was filled with ether. People tried for many years to find the existance of ether. One of the experiments to find the existence of the ether is to find the speed of light in the direction of rotation of the earth and in the direction opposite to it. Now if the ether exist it will be affected by the rotation of the earth since Newton assumed that it has some inertia and hence will be in motion due to rotation of the earth. The light traveling through this rotating ether will have two different velocity depending upon light is moving in the direction of the ether or opposite to it. People tried to detect the speed of light in two different direction and they found that light has same speed in both direction so the concept of the ether was assumed to be wrong. Also Newton assumed that light is made up of particles called corpuscular "Newton's corpuscular theory of light " which moves in ether and hence in order to light to come from sun to earth it need some medium and which Newton assumed as ether. After the "Double slit experiment" it was found out that the light is electromagnetic wave and it don't need the medium to travel, the concept of ether was completely disproved and for many years it was believed that vacuum is empty ie no matter no field nothing ....
Higgs Field-
In the year of 1960 a Peter Higgs introduced the new concept of Higgs filed. In order to understand this let us discuss little bit of Particle Physics. Suppose we take a piece of ice and smash it very hard, what we will get is water molecule. Smash the water molecules very hard and we will get oxygen and hydrogen atom. For many years it was assumed that atoms are the building block of matter but later experiments on J. J. Thomson on discharged tube proved that even atoms are made up of small particles called electron , proton and neutrons ( Thomson atomic model, Rutherford atomic model etc ). In order to study these particles Particles accelerators are used, where this particles are accelerated to very large speed and then allowed to collide with each other. After smashing this particles very hard in such particle accelerator physicist figured out that even this particles are made up small particles called quarks, leptons etc. In order to explain formation of all electrons , neutrons protons and all matter. A theory was developed called " Standard model " which makes thousands of prediction which are even experimentally verified but there is one problem with this theory it says that all the fundamental particles in Standard model is mass less this is exactly opposite to what we observe in day to day life. Every particle which has no mass should travel through speed of light ( like photon ) but we see that each of matter like my hand when I am typing this is moving with some finite speed also Every matter around us has some mass, electron, proton etc everything has some mass. In order to solve this problem Peter Higgs proposed a theory that says that all space is filled with a smooth filed called " Higgs Field " and it interact with all particles and slow them down ( or prevent these particle to move with the speed of light ) . So the question is can we feel this field? well the answer is yes we can feel this field the fact that my electrons and proton in my hands are not moving with the speed of light is because of Higgs filed. Now the question is can the Higgs field be turned of light electromagnetic filed ( turn of the source of em waves ), the answer is now because it is a vacuum field. It is proved mathematically though that after some picoseconds of the Big-Bang the this Higgs field was actually turned of and for some picoseconds of this time all the particles was moving with the speed of light and then after some picoseconds this Higgs field was turned on and all the fundamental particles come together to form electron, proton, neutron then atom then molecule then stars then galaxy etc. ( See my post on Creation of Universe ).
Higgs Bosons-
Higgs field is quantum mechanical field like electromagnetic filed. Now if we produce the ripple in the electromagnetic filed it is quantized and which is called a photon. In the same way if we can produce a ripple in the Higgs filed we can actually get what we call "Higgs Boson". In order to produce a ripple in Higgs field we need large amount. Physist at CERN and Fermi lab are trying to find out the presence of this Higgs Bosons. The particles will be accelerated to very large velocity and the will be allowed to collide this large amount of energy will produce the ripple in the Higgs field and which will be detected as Higgs Boson.
General Relativity and Higgs Field-
According to general relativity the universe should expand or contract. It has been found experimentally that the universe is actually expanding (red shift in spectrum of light coming from distance galaxy ) . The rate at which universe is expanding depends upon the matter inside the universe also after certain limit of expansion due to gravity the rate of the expansion should slow down. Now Higgs field has some energy which is of order of 1 trillion per cc , if we put this amount of energy in equations of relativity we will find that the universe will expand in just few picoseconds. In order to take care of this another field is assumed which has negative energy and which cancel out the energy due to Higgs field. In our day to day life everything should have positive energy but infect in quantum mechanics we can have negative energy.
If we assume that Higgs field do exist and so we will have the vacuum energy. Now as the universe will expand we will have more of vacuum and so more amount of energy and since the rate of expansion depends upon the energy of the universe it will also increase with the expansion of the universe.
Astrophysicist study the light coming from distance galaxy and so if a galaxy is billion light year from earth the light we are getting now is basically come from that galaxy billion year ago so what we are measuring is how the galaxy was billion year ago , this allow as to go back in time. Astrophysicist at using the giant telescope at Hawai has found out that the galaxy far away from as where expanding slower then the rate at which near by galaxy is expanding that means the expansion rate is speeding up. So according to general relativity the vacuum energy is contributing in the expansion rate. Physicist has found the exact amount of energy is required after canceling the Higgs field energy.
Higgs particles are the problem of what protons, electrons, or electromagnetic photons are made of. The relativistic and quantum rules must be included, so the Higgs particles may be solved by calculations including quantized symmetry to produce their relative quantum topological wavefunctions.
ReplyDeleteThis function set combines the quantum equations for frequency and wavelength with the relativistic Lorenz transform functions for time and mass to build a unified atomic model with the nucleus pulsating by [ e = m(c^2)] transform of mass to radiative forcon particles with valid joule values. The atom pulsates in cycles of nuclear emission and absorption of force at the frequency [ Nhu = e/h ] within spacetime boundaries. While space is modeled as confined by gravity the nuclear emissions can be defined by a series differential for it's mass change, and the unified atomic topological function will have [ Time-Gravity ]limits of force pulsation as the GT integral.
That RQT model gives space a set of pervasive fields, a standard since our universe has radiated force and energy for billions of years, and the 3D animated video GT atomic function creates the picoyoctometric images of those spatial inclusions. More discussions, calculations, essays, graphics, and commercial infotools are online at http://www.symmecon.com with images of the h-bar magnetic energy particle of ~175 picoyoctometers.